Complicated, Part 4

View from the top of Mount Cube in NH last week. This may have been too much of a climb for 7 weeks post-op but the view was worth it.

Three weeks ago, I went to see my surgeon, the ob/gyn who performed my hysterectomy last fall. The last time I had seen her was in January, the day my complication was diagnosed. In my mind, though, she had been present throughout my various procedures and recovery, even after the urologists took over my care and our only continued connection was through what I sent to her. I had talked with her once after the urologists placed my drains, and after that, emailed (my preference, a consequence of my lifelong terror of the phone). I had sent her my article during those first weeks, and she emailed back that it described her own experience. Time had separated us more by the time of my visit, but I kept her up to date with plans and surgery reports.

We had become entangled by concern as I worried as much over her experience as my own. So to the extent that my meeting with her last month was a conclusion, I was sad to see her go, and I felt unaccountably lonely that day. This long, shared experience, that wasn’t really shared but perhaps co-imagined, had made me want to cling to that connection. But yet, what to do with it? And the awkward: she is not my colleague; we are not friends.

And yet, as I spoke with her, I found myself wanting to ask questions like a colleague/ mentor/ teacher/ friend more than as a patient. What did you see, what did you do, what (if anything) have you changed? And to explain what I had surmised, technically: that my injury was subtle and would have been hard to detect at the time of surgery, my ureter at first patent, then after 20 days blocked, then, soon after, ruptured. That my best guess is a devascularization injury to the ureter that caused it to deteriorate slowly. That, at the end of surgery before closing, everything might have looked normal.

Long before I had my surgery, I knew that she was a low volume surgery provider. I know the data: that, statistically, lower volume surgeons have higher complication rates. I knew it before my own surgery and thought but didn’t seek to make a change. I probably could have asked to go to the large referral hospital in the same town– I certainly could have withstood the awkwardness of the request. Perhaps I partly thought that the odds were still (and ever) in my favor, as they were. Statistical risks don’t get you far as an individual. I liked her hands.

Why would high-volume surgeons have lower complication rates than low-volume surgeons? Partly it may be the development of the manual, physical skill of surgery. Practicing a fine motor task leads to greater skill, and perhaps in this case the more you practice the greater the skill. But I think also that there is an accumulation of knowledge about anomalies and an abundance and diversity of feedback as one does surgery more often.

In some surgeries and for some complications, the feedback is immediate. This fast feedback enhances learning because the error and the consequence are memorable and easy to connect. These complications may be painful or scary or intense in the moment, but the connection between cause and effect is never in question.

Immediate Feedback. Do not pet the pussycat’s belly when she is on catnip! (No pussycats were harmed in the production of this photo. One human was slightly sore but entirely to blame.)

In my case, the feedback was long delayed. By the time I had my ureter reimplantation surgery, suture from the original surgery had dissolved, scar tissue had formed, and the original injury was completely obscured. Even worse, the only way that my surgeon knew about my progress and the only way she saw my surgery report was that I sent these things to her. Otherwise she would have had no follow-up or feedback at all after the complication had been recognized. Without my efforts, her knowledge of my complication would have been limited to the findings on the day of its discovery.

This lack of feedback feels perverse. It is the consequence of privacy laws and complicated, diverse, and poorly interconnected systems in medical care. But it is not the way to support doctors or to improve the quality of care they provide.

Atul Gawande describes the need for a more robust feedback loop in medical care in this Freakonomics Podcast episode (and talks about how immediate feedback interventions– like the use of anesthesia in surgery–catch on much more quickly than delayed-feedback ones — like antisepsis).

I wish I could end this post with some brilliant solution to this lack of feedback, but for now, I only have the observation. I suspect the problem is less prevalent in veterinary care both because of less emphasis on privacy (no HIPAA for pets), and because of less complexity and specialization in the systems of care. I’d like to think that Atul Gawande is right when he says in this podcast that we’re in the MS DOS phase of medical information systems, and that at some point in the future, systems will be integrated enough to provide medical providers with the feedback they need.

As for me, other than being determined to climb bigger mountains than my current fitness level would indicate, I am doing well. My incisions are all healed and my various tubing has all been removed. Other than follow-up with occasional ultrasound exams, I’m done with this whole process of complication and repair.

I’ll end with a few more pictures from my hike last week on Mt. Cube (scroll back up to the beginning of this post to see the panoramic view from the mountaintop).

A smaller view from Mt. Cube. A wood frog.
Another small view from Mt. Cube. Rhodora (Rhododendron canadense) is bright and showy, but only ankle height.

Complicated, Part 3

My first week back at work after my nephrostomy and abdominal drain were placed, I had a major wardrobe malfunction. I was wearing a leg bag on each leg, strapped to the front of my thigh with elastic bands. I was kneeling on the floor, examining a large, handsome hound dog, and I felt a dampness spreading across my left knee. My vet tech and the shelter staffer who were helping us saw it too.

Of course, it’s not too unusual to end up with damp spots on my clothing at some point during exams. Puppy pee, slobbery dogs, wet or muddy paws.

I said, “That wasn’t the dog”

I could feel the urine still running out of the leg bag. It had been pretty full, and I don’t know if the dog had bumped it, or if my scrub pants had rubbed against and dislodged the end cap as I knelt, or if just the pressure of my flexed thigh against the full bag was enough to push the cap off.

I stood up, laughing, embarrassed, trying to kink the end of the bag to stop the flow, but to no avail. Immediately the urine ran down my leg and filled my shoe. Someone handed me a towel and I wrapped myself in it, asked my tech to get my spare clothes out of the vehicle (pro tip: always have spare clothes in the vehicle), and ran to the bathroom to change.

I emerged from the bathroom barefoot but dry, my urine-soaked clothes and shoes stuffed into a plastic bag to launder once I got home. I slipped my feet back into the snow boots I had worn to work that morning.

“Do you want me to run those through the wash for you?” the shelter staffer offered.

“Are you sure?” This seemed a bigger imposition, and more personal, than the initial, urgent cleanup. And I was just the visiting vet, only there a day a month, not her friend or co-worker or boss.

She took the bag back to the laundry room, and by the time I was ready to go home, the clothes and even the shoes and socks were clean and dry.


FortunatelyI’m not a leader who relies on dignity or control over others to bolster my authority. I’m confident, but I joke about my weaker points and don’t mind occasionally playing the fool (or being, accidentally, made foolish).

Like most veterinarians, I had never studied leadership when I got my first job with management duties, nor later when I started my own business (Spay ASAP Inc, a nonprofit MASH mobile spay neuter clinic). Later, I was introduced to organizational ergonomics during my ergonomics masters program, and then I attended a 2-day course at Emancipet called Surgeon to Leader.

One of the topics we discussed was the difference between management authority and leadership authority. Management authority is structural: it comes from a job title, and allows you to say, “because I said so.” Leadership authority is granted by each individual: it happens regardless of whether you have managerial power. With leadership authority, people follow because they want to, not because they have to. They follow because they believe that together, you will achieve something worthwhile that neither of you can achieve alone.

In my own workplace, I have management authority over only one other person: the veterinary technician who I’m paying to be there. But I strive for (and can only function with) some level of leadership authority, to inspire those who work for other entities and those who volunteer to believe that what I’m asking them to do is useful and worthwhile. I could aim to gain that leadership authority by inspiring awe, but like the awkward alien in the Gary Larson cartoon, I’d be bound to fail (or fall) eventually. Instead, I earn what leadership authority I have by working hard and allowing others to feel involved in and integral to that work.

A few days ago, a veterinarian friend emailed about how she had been fighting the perfectionism in veterinary medicine by admitting openly to staff when she didn’t know something, instead of sneaking off to look up the answers. She points out her mistakes and near misses rather than trying to hide them, seeking to emphasize that we’re all human and therefore not perfect. When she does this, she may be not only helping to break down the harmful self-imposed norm of perfectionism in the veterinary profession, she may also be making it safe for the other people that she works with to look at, talk about, and understand error as well. And by doing that, as I wrote about last time, she may actually be making her practice safer– all by being openly imperfect.

Like my friend, I also try to point out to my staff the things I could have done better when I’ve made a mistake or had a complication. Also like my friend, I find it’s easier to admit my shortcomings to others than to accept them in myself. It’s funny how, even knowing what I do about complications and coping, it feels far less shameful to be soaked in my own urine than to know that I have caused harm to an animal. And while that shame can be a short-term motivator to change (no more leg bags at work for me, only fanny packs), it’s not a productive or sustainable way to generate process improvement because it’s hard and painful to think about something shameful, so it’s hard to use the experience to analyze, reconstruct, and modify a work process.


As for me, I’m counting down the days until my ureter reimplantation surgery (3 weeks and one day!). Between now and then I’ll be working at a half dozen spay clinics and attending a couple of conferences, the 2018 International Symposium on Human Factors and Ergonomics in Health Care in Boston, and the New England Federation of Humane Societies annual conference in Nashua, and hope to bring back all sorts of interesting ideas (and avoid wardrobe malfunctions).

Complicated, Part 2

While I can only speculate about the causes of the surgical error in which I was a participant but not a witness, I do know a few things about errors in surgery. One of the most confounding things about surgical errors (besides figuring out how to recover from them) is why they happen at all. Why, when I do the same procedure the same way every time, does this one time result in a complication?

Previous authors have spent a lot of time thinking about error taxonomy in surgery, anesthesia, and elsewhere, and while the answers aren’t always simple, they can be categorized. (The types of error that can happen in surgery are summarized nicely in this article by Cuschieri.)

Errors in execution or perception

Many surgical (and anesthetic) errors stem from differences in individual patient anatomy or physiology that reveal vulnerabilities in an existing technique or protocol—a technique or protocol that is adequate in most but not all circumstances. These can be some of the most difficult errors to identify and understand. An example might be a veterinarian who tightens the ligature around every cat’s uterine body and vessels using one pound of pressure on the first and second throw of her ligature knot. In most cats, this will be sufficient, but in a few (probably in-heat) cats, it likely will not, and those cats may bleed from the ligated vessels and perhaps require re-operation and re-ligation.

This inadequate ligature tension is an error in technique that in most cats causes no harm.  In each cat, there is the possibility that it will be adequate, or not. The solution to this error would be to tie all uterine body ligatures with greater tension (say, 2 pounds of tension), or to use a cue from the patient to determine when ligature tension is adequate in that patient (such as observing tissue blanching under the ligature).

Other errors in execution in surgery may be due to lapsed attention or to a mistaken perception. Attention lapses are more plausible than one might think: proficient surgeons use habitual motions and automatic processing, rather than the more deliberate and slow techniques of the inexperienced surgeon (again, see the article by Cuschieri). This automaticity allows for efficient and minimally traumatic surgical performance and is essential to practice, but it may also allow for inattention. Often if a problem arises, the surgeon will perceive an inconsistency between her mental picture of the surgery and real life, which will focus her attention and allow her to adapt to the new surgical circumstances. If not, the problem may go unnoticed and result in a complication.

A mistaken perception may go hand in hand with automaticity or with inexperience. Anatomy varies, and the surgeon may not see what she expects to see where she expects to see it. A misidentified organ, vessel, duct, or tissue can easily be severed or ligated.

Latent (system) errors

Another type of error that happens in practice may be a systematic error, a problem in the organization and allocation of time and resources. This latent error is a gap that is present at all times, but may go unnoticed and uncorrected, especially if no harm comes from it.

Professor James Reason makes the analogy of Swiss cheese, in which each slice of cheese is a layer of defense, and it is only in certain unlucky circumstances when the holes in these layers align to allow an accident or injury to occur.

In veterinary practice, an example of a latent error might be limited or infrequent observation of patients recovering from anesthesia. In perhaps 99.8% of patients, there will be no problem if they are observed only intermittently during the period after they have begun to rouse from anesthesia but before they are fully ambulatory. But in a few patients, that gap, that latent error, will be the hole in the system through which they fall. (The post-op period is the highest risk period in small animal anesthesia – perhaps because of the inherent danger of this time period or perhaps because of this common latent error of limited observation post-operatively.)

In many practices, especially with good luck and a low volume of surgeries, this particular organizational practice may not result in a patient death for many years. If and when one finally does occur, it seems to happen out of the blue, but is really a combination of this individual patient’s physiology combined with the latent error in observation, perhaps also combined with other transient or latent circumstances.

If you are interested in learning more about human error and error taxonomy, I would recommend any of the books or articles by James Reason. For some excellent and thoughtful essays on complications and learning in surgery, read Atul Gawande, especially his books Complications, Better, and the Checklist Manifesto.

 

As for me, I’m doing well. Yesterday I went snowboarding and got to enjoy the remnants of snow and a blue-sky sunny day. An extra wrap of spandex around my waist (a maternity product borrowed from my sister) kept the tube and pouch snug and in place, so no wardrobe malfunctions during my outdoor fun.

Frequently asked question: I have been asked by several people whether IN01224 H nephrostomy still need to pee “the old fashioned way”after my recent nephrostomy tube placement.  Yes! My left kidney drains into thenephrostomy bag (my newfangled bladder), while the right kidney still has a good ureter and drains into my old fashioned bladder. That means that I have to pee twice every time I go to the bathroom since I have two bladders to empty. Downside: bathroom visits take twice as long. Upside: I only have to go to the bathroom half as often.

 

Complicated, Part 1

On the same day my article on coping with complications was published online, I met with my doctor.  I was recovering slowly from my hysterectomy and eight weeks along, my belly was still sensitive and swollen.

A week later, I was in the hospital, one tube draining my belly, another in my left kidney. My left ureter had been damaged during my hysterectomy, and urine had been leaking into my abdomen. The first drain would remain in place for 10 days to relieve the abdominal pressure and drain the urine that had accumulated in my abdomen, while the drain in my kidney, a nephrostomy tube, would send the urine from my left kidney into a bag I would carry with me for months like an external, second bladder.

It will be two months before the urologists surgically reimplant my left ureter into my bladder, before they dissect through the scar tissue and reveal the injury. Until then, we won’t know the nature of the injury or what could have been done to prevent it.

In veterinary surgery, ureter damage during ovariohysterectomy is rare enough that this complication isn’t reported in most studies of spay neuter complications (one summary of the literature on spay neuter complications mentions only 3 case reports ). Ureter damage during spay is like the monster under the bed: it is the star of horror stories that happened to someone else, never actually seen or experienced by you or anyone you know but still terrifying and perhaps possible.

The strange, compacted, biped anatomy of humans, though, places the ureters in the surgical field and at risk during hysterectomy. Ureter damage happens in about 0.5-2% of hysterectomies in women and can be the result of ligation, kinking by suture, transection/ avulsion, partial transection, crush, or devascularization. Exactly which of these happened may become clear during my ureter repair this spring, but until then is only guesswork.

So my doctor is left in that unenviable circumstance of having an unresolved complication of indeterminate cause. The long delay between my surgery and my return with symptoms would make the details of my surgery itself difficult or impossible to recall. The unknown error (and known result) leaves her hanging, no guidance for improvement, no specific oversight or action to correct in her next surgery, or the surgery after that. Only worry, and caution. I recognize the feeling, and the fear.

At my initial surgery, the humor in being a spay neuter veterinarian undergoing a hysterectomy wasn’t lost on me, nor now is the unfortunate coincidence of writing about surgical complications and then experiencing one. I appreciate the perspective and can’t help but use it as an opportunity to keep exploring the experience from within the domain of human factors and ergonomics. In addition to considering surgical complications, my experiences of the last few weeks and months have led me to think about topics as diverse as error taxonomy and latent error to organizational leadership. Between now and my repair, I plan to explore these topics here. Stay tuned!

As I wait for my repair, I am fine and happy, and feeling physically better than I have in months, despite the nephrostomy tube and external “bladder.” This morning I went for a 9 mile ice skate at Lake Morey, and it felt good to be out on the ice and moving on such a beautiful day.

So much ice and blue sky!

Sign on the ice by the pond hockey area. No, I didn’t. But I can pee standing up now…